Wani bincike da aka buga kwanan nan a cikinKwayoyin cuta masu rai (Microbiome)An gudanar da bincike kan ƙwayoyin cuta masu kama da ƙwayoyin cuta a kan ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa guda 846—gami da jemagu, beraye, da shrews—da aka tattara a Saliyo, Yammacin Afirka. Binciken ya gano jimillar ƙwayoyin cuta RNA guda 39 da ke da alaƙa da dabbobi masu shayarwa, waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙwayoyin cuta 26 na asali da kuma ƙwayoyin cuta 13 da aka sani a baya. Daga cikin waɗannan, dangin Paramyxoviridae sun nuna mafi girman bambancin, yayin da beraye ke ɗauke da mafi yawan nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta (n = 26).
Binciken haɗarin Zoonotic ya nuna ƙwayoyin cuta guda uku da aka sani na zoonotic—ƙwayar cutar encephalomyocarditis, ƙwayar cutar Lassa, da kuma ƙwayar cutar Rocahepevirus sp—da kuma ƙwayoyin cuta guda uku waɗanda ke da yuwuwar kamuwa da cutar: ƙwayar cutar Melian, ƙwayar cutar hepatitis ta beraye, da kuma ƙwayar cutar Hunnivirus A. Abin lura shi ne, daga cikin sabbin ƙwayoyin cuta da aka gano, ƙwayar cutar Bat ledantevirus 2 ta nuna alaƙar da ke tsakanin ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayar cutar Le Dantec mai kamuwa da cutar ɗan adam. Binciken serologic ya ƙara gano ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana wannan ƙwayar cuta a cikin kashi 2.8% na mazauna yankin, yana nuna kamuwa da cutar a baya, wataƙila ba a gano ta ba, ga ɗan adam.
Waɗannan binciken sun nuna kasancewar wani babban ma'ajiyar ƙwayoyin cuta da beraye ke mamaye a Yammacin Afirka kuma suna nuna mahimmancin dabarun sa ido na haɗin gwiwa a mahaɗin ɗan adam da dabba. Haɗa gwajin metagenomic tare da tabbatar da serological yana samar da tsari mai ƙarfi don gano ƙwayoyin cuta masu yuwuwar kamuwa da cutar zoonotic da spillover.
A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, sama da kashi 60% na cututtukan da ke yaɗuwa a cikin mutane sun samo asali ne daga ma'ajiyar dabbobi, inda aka gane jemagu, beraye, da shrews a matsayin manyan masu ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta na zoonotic. Ana ɗaukar Afirka a matsayin wurin da ake samun cututtukan zoonotic. Misali, Sierra Leone ta ba da rahoton kamuwa da cutar sama da 28,000 a lokacin barkewar cutar Ebola ta 2014-2016.
Duk da tsananin nauyin cututtukan dabbobi a wannan yanki, bambancin da rarraba ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa ba su da isasshen siffa. Don magance wannan gibin, masu bincike sun gudanar da wani bincike mai tsari na ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa 846 da aka kama a wurare uku a Saliyo tsakanin 2018 da 2023. Binciken ya yi nufin fayyace bambancin ƙwayoyin cuta, gano waɗanda ke da yuwuwar yaɗuwar nau'ikan halittu daban-daban, tantance haɗarin da ke tattare da dabbobin dabbobi, da kuma samar da shaida don tallafawa tsarin gargaɗi da wuri don cututtukan da ke tasowa.
Manyan Hanyoyi
Binciken ya yi amfani da cikakken tsarin aikin metagenomics na ƙwayoyin cuta:
- Samfurin sarrafawa:An tattara kyallen zuciya, hanta, saifa, huhu, da koda, an haɗa su wuri ɗaya, sannan aka cire su gaba ɗaya daga cikin RNA.
- Jerin abubuwa da haɗawa:An yi aikin rage yawan RNA na Ribosomal kafin a gina ɗakin karatu, sannan aka yi amfani da tsarin Illumina NovaSeq 6000 wajen tsara yawan ƙwayoyin cuta. An haɗa ƙwayoyin cuta daga sabuwar shekara.
- Gano ƙwayoyin cuta:An gano ƙwayoyin cuta bisa ga tsarin halittar RNA polymerase (RdRp) da ke dogara da RNA. Kwayoyin cuta masu alaƙa da ƙashi ne kawai aka riƙe, ban da ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta, fungal, da tsire-tsire.
- Binciken Bioinformatics:An gudanar da sake gina kwayoyin halitta, nazarin sake hadewa, tsarin hanyar watsawa tsakanin nau'ikan halittu, da kuma kimanta haɗarin zoonotic.
- Tabbatar da serological:An ƙirƙiro gwajin maganin cutar pseudovirus mai tushen VSV don cutar Bat ledantevirus 2. An gano ƙwayoyin rigakafi masu rage ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin kashi 2.8% na ƙwayoyin halittar ɗan adam, wanda ke ba da shaidar yiwuwar kamuwa da cutar zoonotic.
NazarinSakamako
1. Gano Kwayar cuta da Bambancin Dabi'u
Wannan binciken ya gudanar da nazarin jerin dabbobin daji guda 846 da aka tattara a Saliyo, ciki har da beraye, jemagu, da kuma shrews. Dangane da cikakken jerin kwayoyin halittar RNA polymerase (RdRp) da ke dogara da RNA, an gano jimillar ƙwayoyin cuta 39 da ke da alaƙa da dabbobi masu shayarwa, waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙwayoyin cuta 13 da aka sani a baya da sabbin ƙwayoyin cuta 26.
Dangane da tsarin ƙwayoyin cuta, dangin Paramyxoviridae sun nuna mafi girman matakin bambancin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin dukkan nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta guda uku, sai kuma Astroviridae da Picornaviridae. Dangane da rarrabawar ƙwayoyin cuta, beraye sun ba da gudummawa mafi girman bambancin ƙwayoyin cuta, suna ɗauke da jimillar nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta 26, wanda ke nuna rawar da suke takawa a matsayin ma'ajiyar bambancin ƙwayoyin cuta a yankin.
2. Hadarin Zoonotic
Binciken haɗarin Zoonotic ya gano ƙwayoyin cuta guda uku da aka sani na zoonotic: ƙwayar cutar encephalomyocarditis, ƙwayar cutar Lassa, da nau'ikan Rocahepevirus. Bugu da ƙari, an gano ƙwayoyin cuta guda uku—ƙwayar cutar Melian, ƙwayar cutar hepatitis ta bera, da kuma ƙwayar cutar Hunnivirus A—a matsayin waɗanda ke da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar.
Daga cikin sabbin ƙwayoyin cuta guda 26 da aka gano, an yi hasashen cewa huɗu za su sami babban ƙarfin zoonotic bisa ga halayen phylogenetic da genomic. Abin lura shi ne, Bat ledantevirus 2 ya nuna alaƙar phylogenetic mafi kusa da sanannen ƙwayar cutar Le Dantec mai kamuwa da mutane.
Binciken da aka yi daga baya ya ƙara tallafawa wannan binciken, yayin da aka gano ƙwayoyin rigakafi masu hana ƙwayoyin cuta na Bat ledantevirus 2 a cikin kashi 2.8% na ƙwayoyin cuta daga mazauna yankin. Wannan sakamakon ya nuna cewa cututtukan da ba a gane su ba ko kuma waɗanda ba su nuna alamun cutar ba sun riga sun faru a cikin jama'ar mutane, wanda ke nuna yiwuwar hanyar yaɗuwar cutar zoonotic amma a baya ba a gano ta ba.
3. Tsarin Yaɗawa Tsakanin Nau'o'i
Binciken yaduwar nau'ikan halittu daban-daban ya nuna cewa beraye suna da matsayi na tsakiya a cikin hanyar sadarwar raba ƙwayoyin cuta, suna aiki a matsayin manyan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke sauƙaƙa musayar ƙwayoyin cuta tsakanin nau'ikan halittu masu masaukin baki. An gano jimillar ƙwayoyin cuta 15 a matsayin waɗanda ke da yuwuwar yaɗuwar nau'ikan halittu daban-daban.
Ƙarin bincike kan tsarin watsawa tsakanin ƙwayoyin cuta ya nuna cewa raba ƙwayoyin cuta ya fi faruwa akai-akai tsakanin masu masaukin baki a cikin tsari ɗaya na tsarin rarrabuwa, yana nuna cewa alaƙar mai masaukin baki tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin yanayin watsawa. Sabanin haka, jemagu sun nuna ƙarancin ƙarfin watsawa tsakanin nau'ikan.
Abu mai mahimmanci, an lura da shaidar faɗaɗa yankin mai masaukin baki a cikin wasu ƙwayoyin cuta. Misali, an gano ƙwayar cutar Melian, wadda a da ake ɗaukarta ta musamman ga shrews, a cikin beraye a cikin wannan binciken, wanda ke nuna yiwuwar sauyawa a cikin sauƙin daidaitawa da mai masaukin baki da kuma ƙaruwar haɗarin yaɗuwa mai faɗi.
Kammalawa da Tasirin Lafiyar Jama'a
- Babban bambancin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa na daji:Gano ƙwayoyin cuta RNA guda 39, ciki har da sabbin nau'ikan halittu guda 26, ya nuna babban ma'ajiyar ƙwayoyin cuta a yankin kuma a karon farko ya ba da rahoton sabbin ƙwayoyin cuta masu yawan yuwuwar zoonotic (misali, Bat ledantevirus 2).
- Beraye a matsayin manyan abubuwan da ake sa ido a kansu:Beraye suna aiki a matsayin muhimman wurare don yaɗa ƙwayoyin cuta kuma suna ɗauke da mafi girman bambancin ƙwayoyin cuta, wanda ke wakiltar babban haɗarin yaɗuwar ƙwayoyin cuta.
- Bukatar dabarun sa ido masu hadewa:Binciken ya taimaka wajen fifita beraye a cikin shirye-shiryen sa ido masu aiki da kuma aiwatar da hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa waɗanda suka haɗa da metagenomics, serology, da sa ido kan muhalli a hanyoyin haɗin ɗan adam da namun daji.
Gabaɗaya, wannan binciken ya ba da muhimman shaidu don tallafawa tsarin gargaɗi da wuri da kuma tsarin kimanta haɗari ga cututtukan dabbobi masu tasowa, yana ƙarfafa mahimmancin sa ido kan gaggawa a yankunan da ke da haɗari sosai.
Bayanin Samfura
Lokacin Saƙo: Maris-23-2026